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Thermotherapy has become another important tumor treatment after surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and targeted treatment. Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) is a new type of hyperthermia, which has attracted widespread attention due to its advantages of non-invasiveness / minimal invasiveness, high efficiency and good tissue penetration. It provides a new option for the molecular level treatment of malignant tumors with high efficacy and low toxicity, which has become a new research direction of tumor treatment. Magnetic materials and suitable magnetic fields are needed to realize MH. Iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) are widely studied as MH agents because of their high biocompatibility and heating ability. In this article, the research progress on magnetic iron oxide nanomaterials and MH combined with antitumor therapy based on magnetic nanoparticles were analyzed, and the potential application of MH in cancer treatment was reviewed.
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OBJECTIVE Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common neurological disease caused by abnormal syn-chronized discharge in the brain and it is mainly treated through long-term use of anti-epileptic drugs(AEDs).This project is supposed to provide an electro-responsive and brain-targeted drug delivery system(DDS)for on-demand drug release,which could promptly block the transmis-sion of epileptic discharges.METHODS The DDS was fab-ricated by co-polymerization of dopamine and pyrrole,together with conjugation of brain-targeted peptide.A number of characterization including electron microscopy,thermogravimetric analysis,dynamic light scattering and other methods were conducted to evaluate the physio-chemical properties of the nanomaterials.In vitro study based on a home-made electric device and high perfor-mance liquid chromatography was performed to record drug release profiles.Three epileptic models including acute,continuous and spontaneous models were estab-lished for the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy.RESULTS Our polymeric DDS has a nanoscale size(ca.80 nm)and could load AEDs such as phenytoin(drug loading capacity 20.4%).The hybrid nanomaterials can improve the brain delivery efficiency through a combination of receptor-mediated transcytosis and near-infrared-enabled brain transport.In vitro study proved that the DDS could release phenytoin in the electric field in a sensitive(50 μA),quick(30 s)and sustained(>3 times)manner.In vivo study demonstrated excellent anti-epileptic effects in a lower dose(20%).Biosafety study further verified that our strategy has limited damage.CONCLUSION For on-demand seizure control,we have developed a nano-engineered DDS with the capability of electro-responsive drug release and brain-targeted accumula-tion.The DDS could increase the AEDs accumulation at epileptic region and release the AEDs in response to the epileptic discharges.Such strategy could timely inhib-it the epileptic seizure.Our work provides a promising approach to"smart"therapy of epilepsy and sheds light on development of pharmacotherapy of other brain disorders.
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As an adjuvant alternative therapy， phototherapy is widely used for early diagnosis and late treatment of breast cancer due to its non-invasive treatment characteristics. But the application of phototherapeutic agents has been limited in the clinic due to poor hydrophobicity and tissue targeting， low photostability， and obvious toxic side effects in vivo. With the development of nanotechnology， new composite nano-phototherapy agents have emerged. This paper summarizes the latest developments and findings of new composite nano-phototherapy agents for phototherapy in the field of breast cancer treatment in the past 5 years. With the development of multifunctional nanomaterials in the field of breast cancer imaging diagnosis and treatment， the modified phototherapy agent achieved further development respectively from improving light response to improve the light thermal conversion or increasing the generation of reactive oxygen species， targeting tumor microenvironment， immune cells and cancer cell surface receptors to achieve drug controllable response release， using biomimetic materials and endogenous substances to improve biocompatibility. Although phototherapeutic agents exhibit high cell-killing rates in the treatment of metastatic breast cancer models and effectively inhibit their recurrence and metastasis， problems remain regarding the safety and compatibility of synergistic therapy. Future studies can not only improve the existing effects of phototherapeutic agents， but also develop oral drugs with more convenient routes based on immunotherapy to amplify the immune response and resist breast cancer through multiple routes.
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Black phosphorus, as a novel two-dimensional nanomaterial, has received a lot of attention from researchers for its unique structure and properties. In recent years, with the increasing cross-sectional research related to black phosphorus 2D nanomaterials in various fields such as materials science, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine, it has shown great potential for development and application in biomedicine. The excellent photoacoustic properties and good biocompatibility of black phosphorus 2D nanomaterials make them outstanding in tumor diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, the structure and properties, preparation, and functional modification of black phosphorus two-dimensional nanomaterials and their potential applications in the bio-detection and treatment of tumors, as well as the application progress of antibacterial were reviewed.
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Ferroptosis is a novel regulatory cell death characterized by iron dependence and mainly caused by the accumulation of lipid peroxides and reactive oxygen species in the cell. This process plays an important role in the development of many malignancies, and has been extensively studied in lung cancer, especially in antitumor therapy. In recent years, the role of ferroptosis in tumor immunotherapy has been gradually explored. Studies showed that targeting ferroptosis can improve the therapeutic efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy. In addition, immunotherapy and ferroptosis can work synergistically to enhance the effectiveness of antitumor therapy, suggesting a potential relationship between ferroptosis and immunotherapy and the possible reversal of immune drug resistance. This study aims to elucidate the characteristics of ferroptosis, and the role and potential clinical applications of ferroptosis in the antitumor immunotherapy of advanced non-small cell lung cancer. We also explore the role of some nanomaterials that target the onset of tumor ferroptosis in facilitating immunotherapy.
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@#Endodontic infection control is crucial to successful root canal treatment. Irrigation is the key step in endodontic procedures, and the application of root canal irrigation and disinfection medications play an important role. How to enhance antibacterial effects and functions in removing tissues while maintaining biocompatibility is a hot topic in endodontics. Currently, insights to address this issue can be split into two categories: one, the modification or combination of conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, and two, the development of novel endodontic irrigation solutions with new technologies and materials, for instance, nanomaterials and natural exacts. However, conventional endodontic irrigation solutions, such as sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine, are still the first choice in clinical practice. Most novel endodontic irrigation solutions remain at the pre-clinical laboratory stage. Clinical research and relevant data are required to determine whether various methods can improve endodontic irrigation. From basic research to clinical application is the direction for advancing to the next stage. The present article focuses on research progress on endodontic irrigation, especially concerning its antibacterial mechanism, characteristics and efficacy, to provide a reference for future clinical translation.
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Although great progress has been made in the treatment of renal calcium oxalate stones, the incidence and recurrence rate are still high. Functional nanomaterials refer to nanomaterials with specific functions after physical or chemical action.Their role in the treatment of renal calcium oxalate stones has been widely recognized in recent years. Functional nano-materials can be divided into nano-enzymes, nano-drugs and nano-carriers according to their functions. Nano-enzymes and nano-drugs can prevent and treat calcium oxalate kidney calculi by using their physical and chemical properties or drugs. Nano-carriers can treat kidney stones by delivery of the drugs. The purpose of this paper is to describe the application of functional nanomaterials in the prevention and treatment of renal calcium oxalate stones, to summarize the mechanism of inhibiting the formation of renal calcium oxalate stones and the direction of clinical treatment in the future.
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Quantum Dots (QDs) are ultra-fine nanometer-sized semiconductor particles with a core-shell structure possess both electrical and optical properties. Their unique ability to emit pure, monochromatic light on being exposed to light makes them extremely versatile in their applications. The color of the light emitted directly depends on their size and shape. Smaller QDs emit shorter wavelengths, closer to the violet end of the visible light spectrum (~380-450 nm), while larger QDs emit longer wavelengths i.e in reddish spectrum (~620-750 nm). Owing to their “tunability”, QDs can be exploited in a wide range of fluorescent, photonic, and electrochemical applications. QDs represent elements mainly from Group II-VI (e.g., CdSe) or Group III-V (e.g., InP) with the resultant optical and electronic properties of the quantum dots being somewhere between bulk semiconductor material and individual atoms or molecules. Besides applications in energy and photonics, they are under extensive investigation and development for use in disease diagnosis and therapy, specifically in the area of controlled drug delivery, biosensing and imaging. This review surveys the progress of research explores their properties, synthesis, applications, delivery systems in biology, and their toxicity
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Agriculture and society are intertwined. Agriculture is necessary for human survival and social sustainability in India. Eco-friendly agriculture practices nurture ecosystems to solve current societal issues. Indian ecosystems are marred by pollution, imbalance, climate changes, food crisis, various diseases, and mal-nourishment continue as a major concern. The traditional environmental remedial strategies appear relatively ineffective in the ever expanding use of pollutants that pervade the water, air and soil environment. Nanotechnology provides an efficient, environmentally friendly and cost-effective solutions to the global sustainability challenges that society is facing. Nanotechnology utilizes nanomaterials that have remarkable physical and chemical features to make smart functional materials for developing sustainable technologies. Nanotechnology seems to be very promising in sustainable environment development, sustainable agriculture, renewable and economically energy alternative through use of nanomaterials for detection, prevention, and removing pollutants. The development of nanotechnology in India has huge potential to address the challenges like providing drinking water, healthcare, nano-based industry and sustainable agriculture. This review highlights the recent nanotechnology applications to meet the global challenges in providing clean energy technology, water purification, and greenhouse gases management. In addition, effort has been made to analyse the opportunities and limitations in engineered nanomaterials safety, solid waste management, reducing pollution of air water and soil.
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Nanotechnology is developing rapidly in various industrial applications, medical imaging, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, cancer treatment, gene therapy and many more. However, some concerns have been expressed about risks posed by engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), their potential to cause undesirable effects, contaminate the environment and adversely affect susceptible parts of the population. Thus, substantial attention has to be paid to the potential risks of Nanoparticles. Some studies showed that numerous types of Nanoparticles are able to pass certain biological barriers and exert toxic effects on crucial organs like brain, liver, kidney and skin. Recently some of the studies showed that there may be reproductive toxicity of the nanomaterials. Nanotechnology is at the cutting edge of rapid technological development as it has many potential human health benefits, but it is perceived with some apprehension for its potential human health risks
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Increased resistance to a large number of antibacterial drugs poses a serious challenge in chemotheraphy of infectious diseases. Here, we have made and attempt to redesign the existing chemotherapeutic agent enrofloxacin (EN) to treat resistant bacteria. Precisely, we synthezied EN conjugated zinc oxide nanoparticles (EN-ZNP) and explored enhancing the antibacterial activity of enrofloxacin. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNP) were synthesized by microwave irradiation and amine functionalization by co-condensation with APTES and then by utilizing EPC/NHS chemistry, enrofoxacin was conjugated. Conjugation and their stability were confirmed by FT-IR spectra and Zeta potential. EN fraction in EN-ZNP was determined indirectly using UV-Vis spectroscopy. The MIC values obtained for EN-ZNP against MTCC cultures and clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Staphylococcus aureus were significantly (P <0.05) lower than ZNP and, when compared to native EN it is significantly higher. However, the concentration of conjugated EN in EN-ZNP was significantly lower than the MIC of native EN. The results suggest that enrofloxacin can be successfully conjugated with amine functionalized zinc oxide nanoparticles. The antibacterial efficacy was significantly improved when ZNP conjugated with EN against standard MTCC cultures and clinical isolates.
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Developing innovative technologies for the effective treatment of wastewater containing organic pollutants is of extreme importance across the globe. The organic pollutants such as dyes and nitrophenols are the common hazardous pollutants known for their adverse effects on humans and aquatic organisms. Various methods have been used for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater but they suffer limitations such as high cost, time consuming removal process and production of sludge or toxic by-products. In recent years, chemical reduction method is becoming popular for removal of organic pollutants using various nanomaterials as catalysts. Nanomaterials show great potential for removal of organic pollutants due to large surface area which provides high catalytic activity. In the present review, current studies on catalytic reduction of organic pollutants (dyes and nitrophenols) using four different types of nanomaterials specifically carbon nanotubes, silica, metal oxide and chitosan polymer based have been explored. The factors affecting the catalytic process and mechanism of catalysis is explained in detail.In addition, a critical discussion about the pros and cons of each nano-catalyst have also been included for developing better understanding of the choice of catalyst.
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The immune system is involved in the initiation and progression of cancer. Research on cancer and immunity has contributed to the development of several clinically successful immunotherapies. These immunotherapies often act on a single step of the cancer-immunity cycle. In recent years, the discovery of new nanomaterials has dramatically expanded the functions and potential applications of nanomaterials. In addition to acting as drug-delivery platforms, some nanomaterials can induce the immunogenic cell death (ICD) of cancer cells or regulate the profile and strength of the immune response as immunomodulators. Based on their versatility, nanomaterials may serve as an integrated platform for multiple drugs or therapeutic strategies, simultaneously targeting several steps of the cancer-immunity cycle to enhance the outcome of anticancer immune response. To illustrate the critical roles of nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapies based on cancer-immunity cycle, this review will comprehensively describe the crosstalk between the immune system and cancer, and the current applications of nanomaterials, including drug carriers, ICD inducers, and immunomodulators. Moreover, this review will provide a detailed discussion of the knowledge regarding developing combinational cancer immunotherapies based on the cancer-immunity cycle, hoping to maximize the efficacy of these treatments assisted by nanomaterials.
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Blood glucose monitoring is of great significance to diabetic patients, and the development of rapid, accurate and real-time glucose detection technology has become a research hotspot nowadays. This study introduces the concept and classification of the enzyme-free glucose sensor, expounds enzymefree glucose sensor electrode characterization methods and the application progress of different materials in enzyme-free blood glucose sensors. Meanwhile, some problems of enzyme-free glucose sensor existing in the current research and its future application prospects also will be discussed.
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Humans , Blood Glucose , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring , Electrodes , Glucose , Monitoring, PhysiologicABSTRACT
Prostate cancer poses a serious threat to the health of men with an increasing incidence in China. In recent years, great progress has been made in surgical and pharmaceutical treatment, but there are few promising techniques for early diagnosis of prostate cancer or therapeutics for advanced prostate cancer. Engineered nanomaterials have emerged and shown great potential in early diagnosis, precisely targeted therapies and synergistic therapeutics for prostate cancer because of unique physicochemical properties, such as size on the nanoscale, large specific surface area, high drug loading efficiency, fluorescence excitation ability and photothermal/photodynamic effect. This review focused on the new diagnoses and treatment strategies in prostate cancer with engineered nanomaterials, by summarizing the advancement of engineered nanomaterials in improving the sensitivity of molecular biology and imaging diagnosis, targeted guidance in surgery, sensitization of radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and targeted drug delivery.
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Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), one of the dominating constituents of tumor microenvironment, are important contributors to cancer progression and treatment resistance. Therefore, regulation of TAMs polarization from M2 phenotype towards M1 phenotype has emerged as a new strategy for tumor immunotherapy. Herein, we successfully initiated antitumor immunotherapy by inhibiting TAMs M2 polarization via autophagy intervention with polyethylene glycol-conjugated gold nanoparticles (PEG-AuNPs). PEG-AuNPs suppressed TAMs M2 polarization in both in vitro and in vivo models, elicited antitumor immunotherapy and inhibited subcutaneous tumor growth in mice. As demonstrated by the mRFP-GFP-LC3 assay and analyzing the autophagy-related proteins (LC3, beclin1 and P62), PEG-AuNPs induced autophagic flux inhibition in TAMs, which is attributed to the PEG-AuNPs induced lysosome alkalization and membrane permeabilization. Besides, TAMs were prone to polarize towards M2 phenotype following autophagy activation, whereas inhibition of autophagic flux could reduce the M2 polarization of TAMs. Our results revealed a mechanism underlying PEG-AuNPs induced antitumor immunotherapy, where PEG-AuNPs reduce TAMs M2 polarization via induction of lysosome dysfunction and autophagic flux inhibition. This study elucidated the biological effects of nanomaterials on TAMs polarization and provided insight into harnessing the intrinsic immunomodulation capacity of nanomaterials for effective cancer treatment.
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With the development of photothermal nanomaterials, photothermal therapy based on near-infrared light excitation shows great potential for the bacterial infected wound treatment. At the same time, in order to improve the photothermal antibacterial effect of wound infection and reduce the damage of high temperature and heat to healthy tissue, the targeted bacteria strategy has been gradually applied in wound photothermal therapy. In this paper, several commonly used photothermal nanomaterials as well as their targeted bacterial strategies were introduced, and then their applications in photothermal antibacterial therapy, especially in bacterial infected wounds were described. Besides, the challenges of targeted photothermal antibacterial therapy in the wound healing application were analyzed, and the development of photothermal materials with targeted antibacterial property has prospected in order to provide a new idea for wound photothermal therapy.
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Humans , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Nanostructures/therapeutic use , Staphylococcus aureus , Wound Healing , Wound Infection/therapyABSTRACT
Resumen En términos generales, es bien conocida la cualidad que poseen algunos polímeros de cambiar sus propiedades físicas y químicas finales mediante la adición de nanopartículas a la matriz polimérica para producir un material compuesto (MC). Esta investigación está basada en la obtención de un MC a partir de ácido poliláctico (PLA) y nanotubos de carbono de pared múltiple (NTCPM), muy empleado en la industria del envasado y dispositivos biomédicos, con el fin de ampliar su perfil industrial. Se desarrollaron cuatro mezclas de PLA y NTCPM, y se empleó polietilenglicol (PEG) como plastificante. Se evaluaron sus propiedades morfológicas, térmicas, mecánicas, termo-mecánicas, espectroscópicas, ángulo de contacto y cristalográficas. Se observó que los MCs presentaron degradación térmica a temperaturas inferiores a la matriz sin NTCPM, así como un aumento en el módulo de flexión y tensión en algunas de las muestras. Así mismo, se observó que los NTCPM pueden aumentar la cristalinidad del material y que, en algunos casos, se incrementa su rigidez, actuando como un aditivo útil para aplicaciones de mayor esfuerzo mecánico que la matriz. Del efecto de agregar PEG en los MC, se determinó que los NTCPM no restringen la movilidad de las cadenas poliméricas y se da un efecto plastificante, lo que permite mayor movilidad de la zona amorfa de las cadenas de polímero, como indica la literatura consultada. Finalmente, se concluyó que a mayores contenidos de NTCPM, se generan mejores valores en el módulo de flexión, esfuerzo máximo de flexión, módulo de elongación, esfuerzo de carga máxima y esfuerzo de ruptura, entre otras propiedades evaluadas.
Abstract The quality of some polymers to change their final physical and chemical properties by adding nanoparticles to the polymer matrix to produce a composite material (MC) is well known. This research is based on obtaining a MC from polylactic acid (PLA) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTMW), widely used in the packaging industry and biomedical devices, in order to expand its industrial profile. Four mixtures of PLA and CNTMW were developed, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) was used as a plasticizer. Their morphological, thermal, mechanical, thermo-mechanical, spectroscopic, contact angle, and crystallographic properties were evaluated. It was observed that the composites showed thermal degradation at temperatures below the matrix without CNTMW, as well as an increase in the modulus of flexion and tension in some of the samples. Likewise, it was observed that the CNTMW can increase the crystallinity of the material and that, in some cases, its rigidity is increased, acting as a useful additive for applications of greater mechanical stress than the matrix. From the effect of adding PEG in the composites, the CNTMW do not restrict the mobility of the polymer chains and a plasticizing effect occurs, which allows greater mobility of the amorphous zone of the polymer chains. In general terms, it was concluded that at higher CNTMW contents, better values were generated in the flexural modulus, maximum flexural stress, elongation modulus, maximum load stress and rupture stress, among other evaluated properties.
Resumo Alguns polímeros têm a propriedade de alterar suas propriedades físicas e químicas finais, adicionando nanopartículas à matriz polimérica para produzir um composto. Esta pesquisa baseia-se na obtenção de composto partir de ácido polilático (PLA) e nanotubos de carbono de paredes múltiplas (MWCNT), amplamente utilizado na indústria de embalagens e dispositivos biomédicos, a fim de expandir seu perfil industrial. Foram desenvolvidas quatro misturas de PLA e MWCNT e o polietilenoglicol (PEG) foi usado como plastificante. Foram avaliadas suas propriedades morfológicas, térmicas, mecânicas, termo-mecânicas, espectroscópicas, ângulo de contato e cristalográficas. Observou-se que os compostos apresentaram degradação térmica em temperaturas abaixo da matriz sem MWCNT, além de aumento no módulo de flexão e tensão em algumas das amostras. Da mesma forma, observou-se que o MWCNT pode aumentar a cristalinidade do material e que, em alguns casos, sua rigidez é aumentada, atuando como um aditivo útil para aplicações de maior tensão mecânica que a matriz. A partir do efeito da adição de PEG nos compostos, determinou-se que o MWCNT não restringe a mobilidade das cadeias poliméricas e ocorre um efeito plastificante, que permite maior mobilidade da zona amorfa das cadeias poliméricas. Em termos gerais, concluiu-se que, com maiores teores de MWCNT, melhores valores foram gerados no módulo de flexão, tensão máxima de flexão, módulo de alongamento, tensão de carga máxima e tensão de ruptura, entre outras propriedades avaliadas.
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BACKGROUND: The development of nanomaterials provides a good guarantee for the development of biomedicine. Nano-clay Laponite is a synthetic nanomaterial with excellent properties. It is widely used in drug delivery, tissue regeneration, three-dimensional biological printing and other fields. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the latest application status and future research prospect of nano-clay Laponite. METHODS: With the key words of “nano-clay, clay, Laponite” in English and Chinese, we searched CNKI, Wanfang, China Biomedical Database and PubMed. We further screened and summarized. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Laponite has unique rheological properties, electrical conductivity, antibacterial properties, organization, good biocompatibility and other excellent properties, has been widely used in the fields of chemical industry, drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. It is a kind of nanomaterial with wide application prospect. Laponite-based nanocomposites are currently a hot research direction in the biomedical field. Self-assembly, porosity, good biocompatibility and physical properties provide a good guarantee for Laponite nano-biological scaffolds. More basic studies are needed to clarify its mechanism. Combining basic research with clinical application will help Laponite materials to be used safely in clinical practice.
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Insulin therapy plays an essential role in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. However, frequent injections required to effectively control the glycemic levels lead to substantial inconvenience and low patient compliance. In order to improve insulin delivery, many efforts have been made, such as developing the nanoparticles (NPs)-based release systems and oral insulin. Although some improvements have been achieved, the ultimate results are still unsatisfying and none of insulin-loaded NPs systems have been approved for clinical use so far. Recently, nano‒protein interactions and protein corona formation have drawn much attention due to their negative influence on the